Paw Earrings in 925 Silver

The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a carnivorous mammal ascribed to the genus Canis (canidae family). With domestication he distinguished himself from his predecessor, the wolf, of which he represents a neotenic form (although there is still some divergence in this regard) and with respect to which he has less sharp canines, longer intestines, and is devoid of sharp claws .

The dog is extremely variable in its biological characteristics, due to the selection made by nature (from the areas of origin) and above all by man (his life partner since prehistoric times). The weight can vary from 700 g to 90 kg. It has a menstrual cycle repeated twice a year (unlike wolves that have only one period of estrus) and this characteristic is partly due to man to facilitate breeding and selection.

The sense of smell

The main distinctive feature of the dog is the sense of smell, derived from its prehistoric activity as a hunter. A fundamental part of his odor recognition process is the conformation of his nose (the nose) but above all the very rich internal mucosa, able to distinguish only one molecule of one substance out of millions. The nose in the dog represents the terminal end of the nose of the same. The imprint of the convolutions that distinguish it is specific to the individual and, like the fingerprints of the human being, can be used as an effective recognition system.

The mucous membrane that covers it performs the same tasks as in any other mammal: at its extremity there are the nostrils or cavities to suck the air and as in other mammals, at the mucosocutaneous border, it is equipped with lateral "vibrissae", large hairs with very important sensory functions. What makes it special are various additional functions. Meanwhile, it is an exceptional sense organ especially in a thermal, dynamic sense (because the mucous membrane that covers it is equipped with sweat glands - the dog's skin is almost totally devoid of them -) and tactile (it is able to record even very slight roughness and vibrations which would otherwise escape the animal). The dog's nose is a very sensitive nose, which is why they are trained and used to search for animals and people.

Evolutionarily, it was believed (starting from the studies of Konrad Lorenz) that the dog could descend from the wolf or the jackal, or both, which would have given rise to different primitive breeds, from which the many current forms would have derived.

The most recent studies based on genetics, supported by paleontological insights, have led to the validation of the recognition of the gray wolf (Canis lupus lupus) as the ancestor of the domestic dog, recognized as a subspecies (Canis lupus familiaris). The hypotheses on the domestication process are still uncertain. One of the most accredited hypotheses is that of the spouses Ray and Lorna Coppinger, biologists, who propose the theory of a "natural domestication" of the wolf, a natural selection of subjects less skilled in hunting, but at the same time less fearful of humans, who would begin to follow the first groups of nomadic hunters, feeding on the remains of their meals, but unwittingly providing a precious "sentinel" service, later settling near the first settlements, and giving way to a surprising cohabitation between two species of predators, with mutual benefits.

Some of these "wild dogs" would later be approached and adopted into the human community (village dogs, the "pariah dogs" that are still found today in some societies, "all over the village", tolerated for their role as scavengers and of predators of small pests), giving way to a perfect example of coevolution. Almost certainly, as also demonstrated by the studies of Dimitri Belayev, the natural selection based on character attitudes to domestication has caused the appearance of physical changes (from the reduction of the skull volume, to the shortening of the teeth, but also the appearance of characters such as patches white on the coat and rolled-up tails).

In the most ancient archaeological sites, numerous are the finds of dog remains (which also testify to the first differences from the wild ancestor), even if they mostly bear evident signs of slaughter. The first testimony of a new, deeper bond between man and dog, we find it in the Natufian culture, dating back to 12,000 years ago, in a tomb that preserves the remains of an elderly man who rests his head and a hand on the body of a cub.

The first differentiation between the various local "races" is to be attributed to the various wolf subspecies that were domesticated almost simultaneously in different parts of the world, in equally dissimilar geographic and climatic situations. We can get an idea of ​​their appearance if we take into consideration the "modern" breeds gathered in group 5 of the FCI classification International Cynological Federation (spitz and primitive type dogs, in fact). The first dogs were certainly versatile workers, able to perform multiple tasks, from the village guard to the hunting aid, from the transport of small loads to the management of the first herds of the nascent pastoralism.

Subsequently, the subjects more physically and / or aptitude for the different uses, began to be selected by man, first "instinctively" (favoring the favorites with a better diet), then with increasingly effective methods. It may be interesting to observe how the great morphological variations that allowed the wolf to "transform" into Great Dane, Chihuahua or Dachshund, have occurred over the centuries in an involuntary form, real spontaneous mutations that man has been able to exploit and enhance. ; the structure of the greyhound was certainly not "conceivable" by a desert hunter, but he was able to observe how his most effective dogs in reaching prey were those with long and thin limbs, keeled sternum and tail carried in such a way as to balance the movement at speed: here is born in his mind a sort of "breed standard", to be sought in the choice of dogs to be accompanied in the hunt.


Sometimes what could appear absurd genetic bizarre, such as achondroplasic dwarfism (short limbs on normal bodies), useful in dogs used to follow game in the thick of the bushes, or inside the burrows, have been exploited: here is the appearance of the "dachshund" forms in many hunting breeds. Very interesting, then, is the reconstruction of the evolution of breeds through the phenomenon of neotenic pedomorphism, ie the conservation in adult dogs of some morphological and character traits typical of different juvenile stages of wolf development. Based on this theory, the breeds can be grouped into 4 groups:
primitive dogs - with strongly lupine head proportions and general structure, erect ears. Examples: Greenlandic, laika, pharaon hound, basenji, vastgotaspets
first degree pedomorphs - elongated heads, pronounced stop, semi-erect ears. They are hounds and tracking dogs, with a strong instinct to chase. Examples: wolfhound, bloodhound, hounds, collies, terrier, dachshunds
second degree pedomorphs - larger heads, more square muzzles, marked stop, drooping ears, thicker skin. Dog players with objects, good retrievers. Examples: newfoundland, retrievers, barbet, spaniels, bichon
third degree pedomorphs - accentuated transversal diameters, short or very short snouts, frontal eyes, small and drooping ears, abundant skin that forms wrinkles, very predisposed to the accumulation of fat. "Fighting" dogs (even in their playful form), strongly territorial and distrustful. Examples: mastiffs, mountain dogs, jack dogs, bulldogs, pug, pekingese.

Over time, man has selected many different breeds and varieties of dogs, to help him in his many activities: therefore there are today breeds of shepherd, hunting, guard, companion, racing and others.

30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE